Project Description

Project Benefits
This project will primarily benefit client Dr. Tina Ayers and the student technicians who care for the plants in the Teaching Greenhouse. At present, the greenhouse has very little in terms of instrumentation and remote monitoring of safe conditions for the plants. This project will replace an aging and inadequate system which consumes single-use batteries at an excessive rate.

The new system will provide more data with upwards of ten sensors installed throughout the greenhouse facility. In the event that environmental conditions within the greenhouse become unsafe for the plants in either the north or south house, Dr. Ayers and the greenhouse techs will receive a text message warning them of the issue. The current greenhouse conditions will also be made publicly available on this website, which will allow any concerned individuals to verify plant safety from any location, on or off campus.

Additionally, this project will install air mixing fans in the south house to mitigate the undesired temperature gradient that often develops between the top and bottom of the greenhouse. At present, air mixing is provided by running the fan attached to the south house's large glycol heater. The new dedicated mixing fans will allow year-round air mixing without affecting the temperature in the south house.

Team Formation
The team's first step was to define how the team would function.  Several documents were created to define team member responsibilities, standards of work, and methods for resolving personal or professional conflicts.  This occurred in late September of 2021.

Project Sponsor: Dataforth Corporation
The project is sponsored by Dataforth Corporation, based in Tucson, Arizona. Dataforth has been kind enough to provide several modules from their MAQ20 line of data acquisition and industrial control equipment. Thanks especially to John Lehman, Vice President of Product Development.

Project Client: Dr. Tina Ayers
Dr. Tina Ayers is the project's primary client. She is the NAU faculty member in charge of the Teaching Greenhouse and teaches several botany and specialized biology courses. She also conducts botanical research in multiple areas including plant genetics.

Specifying Requirements
In October 2021, the team worked with client Dr. Tina Ayers to define requirements for the project. We discussed various needs and wants with Dr. Ayers.  The full set of requirements can be viewed here, along with a presentation that includes an early block diagram of the proposed system.  The formal requirements were accepted by the team and Dr. Ayers on October 22, 2021.

Prototyping
With the system requirements defined, individual team members worked late in the fall semester to prototype selected components of the project.  Prototyping time was limited by unexpected delays in the purchasing process, but the prototype stage is nonetheless expected to help avoid issues later in the project.

The team prototyped the following components:

  • ESP8266 - Raspberry Pi Communication: No team member has ever constructed a wireless network from scratch, or worked with the ESP8266 WiFi-enabled microcontroller.  We believe this is a high-risk project element worth prototyping. 
  • Local Control Console: The control console, which will allow the client to define alert recipients for unsafe conditions, view data, and change setpoints for the environmental controls, is highly visible to the user.
  • Soil Moisture Sensor: A previous capstone team has developed air temperature and humidity sensing modules.  However, we will be developing the soil moisture sensing modules from scratch.
  • Control Module: Because the control modules will be controlling fans, pumps, and potentially other equipment operating at 120 VAC, we believe prototyping is worthwhile to ensure safe operation.

System Design and Implementation

System Operation




The diagram above shows the system components and their interactions.  Each sensor module (right side) wakes from a deep sleep state every 15 minutes.  The ESP8266 microcontroller then uses WiFi to connect to a NodeJS server on the Raspberry Pi (upper left).  The sensor sends a JSON object to the server including the sensor's battery voltage, the sensor's self-assessment of its own operational health, and either the temperature and humidity or soil moisture level, as appropriate.  The console evaluates the reported data, and if a sensor has failed or measures an unsafe temperature, sends an SMS alert to greenhouse personnel.  Additionally, the console monitors the vertical temperature gradient in the greenhouse.  If the vertical temperature gradient is too high, the console uses Dataforth MAQ20 equipment to turn on a set of mixing fans to reduce the temperature difference.



System Components


Below are some of the important components used in the project:


Dataforth MAQ20 Modules
Includes COM4 communications module and 2 DIOH solid-state relay modules.









Air Sensor Module

Includes D1 Mini microcontroller (blue PCB at left) and TP4056 charge controller (blue, right). 

Created in-house on the PCB mill.


Raspberry Pi 4 Model B

A Raspberry Pi 3 would have sufficed for this project, but none were available in a timely fashion due to global supply issues.



Software

    












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